Chapter 15 // Exercise 11 - Principles & Practice Using C++

In this exercise I am using Visual Studio 2017 and modified versions of the graphics files used throughout the chapters. You can find those versions through the link below.

Chapter 15 // Exercise 11

Find the average maximum temperatures for each month of the year for two or more locations (e.g., Cambridge, England, and Cambridge, Massachusetts; there are lots of towns called "Cambridge") and graph them together. As ever, be careful with axes, labels, use of color, etc.

Github: https://github.com/l-paz91/principles-practice/tree/master/Chapter%2015/Exercise%2011

I should've spend a lot longer on this instead of hacking something together but I really want to move onto the next chapter as graphing data is not my idea of fun...besides excel can do it much nicer and faster and there's got to be a C# library out there somewhere that allows you to call Excel graphs from within your code.

With that though, I'm finally onto the last graphics chapter.

Chapter 15 // Exercise 10 - Principles & Practice Using C++

In this exercise I am using Visual Studio 2017 and modified versions of the graphics files used throughout the chapters. You can find those versions through the link below.

Chapter 15 // Exercise 10

What kind of data is unsuitable for a line graph or a bar graph? Find an example and find a way of displaying it (e.g., as a collection of labelled points).

Github: https://github.com/l-paz91/principles-practice/blob/master/Chapter%2015/Exercise%2010

If you have a graph that is "x amount of people voted yes and y voted no"; this would make a great bar chart. However, charts such as "Age and time spent watching Filthy Frank" would make a better scatter graph. An example from Maths Is Fun; Icecream Sales and Temperature:

The red line is there due to my laziness with the notch spacing. If the top Y value is more than the length, you end up with teeny tiny gaps between each notch. 

Chapter 15 // Exercise 9 - Principles & Practice Using C++

In this exercise I am using Visual Studio 2017 and modified versions of the graphics files used throughout the chapters. You can find those versions through the link below.

Chapter 15 // Exercise 9

Find another data set of heights (an inch is 2.54cm) and graph them with your program from the previous exercise. For example, search the web for "height distribution" or "height of people in the United States" and ignore a lot of rubbish or ask your friends for their heights. Ideally, you don't have to change anything for the new data set. Calculating the scaling from the data is a key idea. Reading in labels from input also helps minimise changes when you want to reuse code.

Github: https://github.com/l-paz91/principles-practice/blob/master/Chapter%2015/exercise%209

For this one I quickly googled "height data set" on images then used the first image that came up. It contained height and weight pairs. I have no idea what unit they were in, I guessed kg and cm but they seem a bit low for that but whatever.

Chapter 15 // Exercise 8 - Principles & Practice Using C++

In this exercise I am using Visual Studio 2017 and modified versions of the graphics files used throughout the chapters. You can find those versions through the link below.

Chapter 15 // Exercise 8

Here is a collection of heights in centimetres together with the number of people in a group of that height (rounded to the nearest 5cm): (170, 7), (175,9), (180, 23), (185, 17), (190, 6), (195, 1). How would you graph that data? If you can't think of anything better, do a bar graph. Remember to provide axes and labels. Place the data in a file and read it from that file.

Github: https://github.com/l-paz91/principles-practice/tree/master/Chapter%2015/Exercise%208

I thought about doing a scatter graph as we have Marks already implemented. Then because it would be as "simple" as replacing the rectangles with marks I decided to create a new class that could hold x and y data but then through inheritance it could be given different functionality.

I also changed how the notches were drawn as originally they were set as ints, causing quite a bit of data lost due to rounding down. CustomGraph though draws axes to fit the window and has modifiable labels. How the data is drawn though is up to the child class.

This isn't the best graph in the world but it reads in from a file or a vector:

Chapter 15 // Exercise 6, 7 - Principles & Practice Using C++

In this exercise I am using Visual Studio 2017 and modified versions of the graphics files used throughout the chapters. You can find those versions through the link below.

Chapter 15 // Exercise 6, 7

6. Design and implement a bar graph class. Its basic data is a vector<double> holding N values, and each value should represented by a "bar" that is a rectangle where the height represents the value.
7. Elaborate the bar graph class to allow labeling of the graph itself and its individual bars. Allow the use of colour.

Github: https://github.com/l-paz91/principles-practice/tree/master/Chapter%2015/Exercise%206%2C%207

Exercise 6 - The basic bar graph with just bars set to certain heights:

This takes in a vector of doubles and resizes itself depending on the window size. The number of notches are also dependent on the size of the graph and how many bars there are.

Exercise 7 - It's not exactly excel but it'll do. The bars are coloured by random ints so occasional bars may be identical. The notch marking on the Y axis also isn't entirely accurate as it's rounded down in the Axis constructor but whatever. The bar labels and fill colours can be turned off by just providing a bool value and you can set the axis labels to anything once you've created the barchart object.

Chapter 15 // Exercise 5 - Principles & Practice Using C++

In this exercise I am using Visual Studio 2017 and modified versions of the graphics files used throughout the chapters. You can find those versions through the link below.

Chapter 15 // Exercise 5

"Animate" (as in section 15.5) the series 1-1/3+1/5-1/7+1/9-1/11+.... It is known as Leibniz's series and converges to pi/4.

Github: https://github.com/l-paz91/principles-practice/blob/master/Chapter%2015/Exercise%205

This took me a while to wrap my head around and I'm still not entirely convinced at how the lambda expression works but whatever.

So pi/4 == 0.7853989 (not precisely but you have to stop somewhere)

The problem with this exercise is that each frame looks identical as it gets closer to pi/4. Probably not the best function to graph. Either that or I've completely miscalculated.

Chapter 15 // Exercise 4 - Principles & Practice Using C++

In this exercise I am using Visual Studio 2017 and modified versions of the graphics files used throughout the chapters. You can find those versions through the link below.

Chapter 15 // Exercise 4

Graph a sine(sin()),  cosine (cos()), the sum of those (sin(x)+cos(x)), and the sum of the squares of those (sin(x)*sin(x)+cos(x)*cos(x)) on a single graph. Do provide axes and labels.

Github: https://github.com/l-paz91/principles-practice/blob/master/Chapter%2015/Exercise%204

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Chapter 15 // Exercise 3 - Principles & Practice Using C++

In this exercise I am using Visual Studio 2017 and modified versions of the graphics files used throughout the chapters. You can find those versions through the link below.

Chapter 15 // Exercise 3

Modify Fct from the previous exercise to take an extra argument to control precision or whatever. make the type of that argument a template parameter for extra flexibility.

Github: Not done.

This was very confusing. I'm not good with templates; I don't particularly like them. By 'control precision' I thought he meant change doubles to ints or something but at the end of it all I have to convert the points into ints anyway as my version of Point only uses int.

And what does he want by it being a templated type? Would the precision mean "to this decimal place?" If it's templated, whats to stop someone from passing a string in? I'm so confused.

I've decided to just leave it as I don't understand what he wants me to do.

Chapter 15 // Exercise 2 - Principles & Practice Using C++

In this exercise I am using Visual Studio 2017 and modified versions of the graphics files used throughout the chapters. You can find those versions through the link below.

Chapter 15 // Exercise 2

Define a class Fct that is just like Function except that it stores its constructor arguments. Provide Fct with "reset" operations, so that you can use it repeatedly for different ranges, different functions, etc.

Github: https://github.com/l-paz91/principles-practice/tree/master/Chapter%2015/Exercise%202

In this one took me a while as I pondered over how to re-write the points that had already been added to a shape once it's drawn. I thought about deleting the shape and creating a new one but the easiest way was to simply provide a function in Shape that clears the points vector. That way no new shapes are made and StoredFct can just call Function.

Chapter 15 // Exercise 1 - Principles & Practice Using C++

In this exercise I am using Visual Studio 2017.

Chapter 15 // Exercise 1

Here is another way of defining a factorial function:

int fac(int n) { return n > 1 ? n *fac(n - 1) : 1; }  // factorial n!

It will do fac(4) by first deciding that since 4 > 1 it must be 4 * fac(3), and that's obviously 4 * 3 * fac(2), which again is 4 * 3 *2 * fac(1), which is 4 * 3 * 2 * 1. Try to see that it works. A function that calls itself is said to be recursive. The alternative implementation in section 15.5 is called iterative bcause it iterates through the values (using while). Verify that the recursive fac() works and gives the same results as the iterative fac() by calculating the factorial of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, up until and including 20. Which implementation of fac() do you prefer, and why?

Github: https://github.com/l-paz91/principles-practice/blob/master/Chapter%2015/Exercise%201

When using int, at 13 this will begin to overflow and return the wrong numbers. 

I also did a quick benchmark test between the two functions and there isn't really any difference. I'd say half the time, the recursive function was faster by 0.002 nanoseconds. Sometimes iterative was a bit slower or recursive was slower. They seem to be pretty balanced speed-wise. 

I looked at the disassembly and realised why they perform the same; the compiler produces the exact same assembly for both functions. I've kept this code in so you can run it yourself a few times.

So it comes down to preference. I prefer the recursive as it's less code and at a glance; easier to reason about what's happening. A lot of people don't like the ternary operator though so I can understand why the iterative version would be chosen instead.

Chapter 15 // Class Definition Drills 9 - Principles & Practice Using C++

In this exercise I am using Visual Studio 2017 and the header file std_lib_facilities found here:
https://www.stroustrup.com/Programming/PPP2code/std_lib_facilities.h

Chapter 15 // Class Definition Drills

9. Change the representation of Person to have first_name and second_name instead of name. Make it an error not to supply both a first and a second name. Be sure to fix >> and << also. Test.

Github: https://github.com/l-paz91/principles-practice/blob/master/Chapter%2015/Class%20Definition%20Drills/Drill%209

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Chapter 15 // Class Definition Drills 8 - Principles & Practice Using C++

In this exercise I am using Visual Studio 2017 and the header file std_lib_facilities found here:
https://www.stroustrup.com/Programming/PPP2code/std_lib_facilities.h

Chapter 15 // Class Definition Drills

8. Read a sequence of Persons from input (cin) into a vector<Person>; write them out again to the screen (cout). Test with correct and erroneous input.

Github: https://github.com/l-paz91/principles-practice/blob/master/Chapter%2015/Class%20Definition%20Drills/Drill%208

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Chapter 15 // Class Definition Drills 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 - Principles & Practice Using C++

In this exercise I am using Visual Studio 2017 and the header file std_lib_facilities found here:
https://www.stroustrup.com/Programming/PPP2code/std_lib_facilities.h

Chapter 15 // Class Definition Drills

1. Define a struct Person containing a string name and an int age.
2. Define a variable of type Person , initialise it with "Goofy" and 63, and write it to the screen (cout).
3. Define an input (>>) and an output (<<) operator for Person; read in a Person from the keyboard (cin) and write it out to the screen (cout).
4. Give Person a constructor initialising name and age.
5. Make the representation of Person private, and provide const member functions name() and age() to read the name and age.
6. Modify >> and << to work with the redefined Person.
7. Modify the constructor to check that age is [0:150] and that name doesn't contain any of the characters ; : " ' [] * & ^ % $ # @ ! . Use error()  in case of error. Test.

Github: https://github.com/l-paz91/principles-practice/blob/master/Chapter%2015/Class%20Definition%20Drills/Drills1-7

Chapter 15 // Shape Function Graphing Drills 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 - Principles & Practice Using C++

In this exercise I am using Visual Studio 2017 and the graphics files found here:
https://github.com/l-paz91/principles-practice/tree/master/Graphics%20Files

Chapter 15 // Function Graphing Drills

1. Graph the function  double one(double x) {return 1;} in the range [-10,11] with (0,0) at (300,300) using 400 points and no scaling (in the window).
2. Change it to use x scale 20 and y scale 20.
3. From now on use that range, scale, etc. for all graphs.
4. Add double slope(double x) {return x/2;} to the window.
5. Label the slope with a Text "x/2" at a point just above its bottom left end point.
6. Add double square(double x) {return x*x;} to the window.
7. Add a cosine to the window (don't write a new function).
8. Make the cosine blue.
9. Write a function sloping_cos() that adds a cosine to slope() (as defined above) and add it to the window.

Github: https://github.com/l-paz91/principles-practice/tree/master/Chapter%2015/Function%20Graphing%20Drills%202

All of these functions can be found from section 15.2 to 15.3.2. If you have already followed along with the chapter you will have done them.

Drill 2-1:

Drill 2-2:

Drill 2-3, 2-4:

Drill 2-5:

Drill 2-6:
It annoys me that this one doesn't scale

Drill 2-7, 2-8:

Drill 2-9:

Chapter 15 // Function Graphing Drills 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - Principles & Practice Using C++

In this exercise I am using Visual Studio 2017 and the graphics files found here:
https://github.com/l-paz91/principles-practice/tree/master/Graphics%20Files

Chapter 15 // Function Graphing Drills

1. Make an empty 600-by-600 Window labeled "Function Graphs".
2. Note that you'll need to make a project with the properties specified in the "installation of FLTK" note from the course website.
3. You'll need to move Graph.cpp and Window.cpp into your project.
4. Add an x axis and a y axis each of length 400, labeled "1 == 20 pixels" and with a notch ever 20 pixels. The axes should cross at (300,300).
5. Make both axes red.

Github: https://github.com/l-paz91/principles-practice/tree/master/Chapter%2015/Function%20Graphing%20Drills

I am lazy and I've been using the same project since the start of Chapter 12.

Notes on Chapter 15 // Principles & Practice using C++

So I've been reading though this chapter and got stuck on section 15.5 where he uses a lambda expression to capture some data. The code can be seen on page 533. Here he uses Function to graph another function however I got the following error when entering the code myself:

error C2440: 'initializing': cannot convert from 'initializer list' to 'Graph_lib::Function'

I triple checked the code in the book and my code and there was no difference. Unfortunately no one else seemed to have encountered this exact problem. I eventually fixed it with some guidance from this stackoverflow post: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/36030589/i-cannot-pass-lambda-as-stdfunction

In Graph.h, the struct Function has just one constructor, with the first argument being of the type Fct. Now Fct is a typedef of a function called Fct that takes in a double and returns a double. Unfortunately, Visual Studio did not like this and would not convert the lambda expression to fit. In order to get round this, I created a new constructor that instead takes in a std::function called f that takes in a double and returns a double:

Visual Studio was happy with this and built the solution.

Fixing Window label bug
EDIT 18/08/2020 - Please read the edit down below.

I also finally fixed the weird thing that was going on with the window label. After you click next it always disappeared for me or started displaying garbage. I looked into this and found that FLTK eventually relies on this constructor for label:

void Fl_Window::label(const char *name) {
  label(name, iconlabel()); // platform dependent
}

When it calls iconlabel() it goes here:

  /**  See void Fl_Window::iconlabel(const char*)   */
  const char* iconlabel() const {return iconlabel_;}

iconlabel_ is null. This is in Fl_Window.H which I am reluctant to modify. It appears that in our Window.h, Window is calling the constructor for label and passing a char array to it. However it is not setting up the icon label.

void set_label(const string& s) { label(s.c_str()); }

iconlabel_ is set to 0 in the constructor for Fl_Window(). To fix this, it is a one line change in Window.h:

void set_label(const string& s) { label(s.c_str()); show(); }

After trying to set iconlabel_ manually it took me to another function which checks to see if the window is to be shown. It returned false. show() is a function set in GUI.h and is only called once upon initialisation of the window (which is why the label correctly displays upon first viewing). The problem is that when the label is changed we need to call show() again otherwise iconlabel_ will not be updated.

EDIT 18/08/2020 - Nothing can ever be simple. Whilst doing exercise 2 of Chapter 15, I noticed the label would go missing again if the next button was pressed to be replaced with garbage. I had a look and even just after the window has been created it's showing the title label as null. I tried setting the label in the window init() function, changing the label in the Fl_wait loop but the label was always null.

I then noticed that Fl_Window wants a const char* in it's constructor:

In C, you can use char* as strings. char* will always point to the first character in the string. Our Window and Simple_window uses a string& and then converts that to a char* using the .c_str() function. This should work just fine but in case there was something being lost in translation, I changed all the string& references to const char*. Now, it's displaying labels correctly and storing them in Fl_window. You don't need to call show() in set_label either as I changed that to take in a char* as well.

Fixing Default Line Colour

Another thing that was annoying me was that the default line colour was a light grey; this was impossible to see on the background and I was sick of always having to set the colour for everything. So I just set the default line colour to black in the constructor for Shape:
Shape() { set_color(Color::black); }

Chapter 14 // Exercise 17 - Principles & Practice Using C++

In this exercise I am using Visual Studio 2017 and the graphics files found here:
https://github.com/l-paz91/principles-practice/tree/master/Graphics%20Files

Chapter 14 // Exercise 17

The exceptions defined in the C++ standard library, such as exception, runtime_error, and out_of_range (section 5.6.3), are organised into a class hierarchy (with a useful virtual function what() returning a string supposedly explaining what went wrong). Search your information sources for the C++ standard exception class hierarchy and draw a class hierarchy diagram of it.

Github: https://github.com/l-paz91/principles-practice/tree/master/Chapter%2014/Exercise%2017

I used the hierarchy here: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/exception

I procrastinated on this for two fucking months because I thought I would do it the proper way and make a full class that can draw any custom binary tree with fancy auto spacing...tonight I sat down and said to myself "life is too fucking short, just do it in the hackiest and shortest way possible you absolute fucking lemon". So that's what I did and I honestly don't care. It's done and I can move on.